Macroheterocycles

Synthetic methods for, and structural and spectroscopic characteristics of sulfur-containing macroheterocycles are discussed. The synthesis of oligothiamacrocycloalkanes is based on the reaction of α, ò-dihaloalkanes with alkali α,ò-alkanedithiolates to form 12-42-membered macroheterocycles with 2-6 sulfur atoms in the ring. Oxathiamacrocycloalkanes containing sulfur and oxygen atoms in the ring have been prepared by reaction of aromatic 1,2-dithiols or 2-mercaptophenols with aliphatic α-ò-dihalo derivatives. The synthesis of thiamacrocycloalkanes involves the reaction of dimethyl ethers or α,ò-alkanedicarboxylic acid dichlorides with α,ò-alkanediamines followed by reduction of the macroheterocyclic diamides with LiAlH4 or B2H6. Oxathiaazamacrocycloalkanes have been prepared in a similar way by reaction of dicarboxylic acid dichlorides with α,ò-oxaalkanediamines as well as by reaction of chlorosulfonyl-β-lactams with glycols.A general synthetic route to oligothiacyclophanes is the reaction of bis-(bromomethyl) substituted arenes with bis-(mercaptomethyl)benzenes. Analogously, sulfur-containing cyclopyridinophanes have been prepared by reaction of 2,6-bis(bromomethyl)pyridine with α,ò-alkanedithiols. For the synthesis of macrocyclic compounds containing one, two, or several thiophene rings, some procedures based on intra-and intermolecular acylation of ò-thienylalkanecarboxylic acid chlorides, acyloin condensation of 2,5-bis(carbalkoxyalkyl)thiophenes, and intramolecular alkylation of ò-haloalkyl substituted β-keto esters of the thiophene series have been developed.Synthetic routes to macroheterocycles containing di-and polysulfide groups are discussed. The synthesis involves sulfurization of mesitylene or 1,3-dimethoxybenzene with disulfur dichloride or sulfur dichloride as well as the oxidation of dithiols.The synthesis of bi-and trimacrocyclic compounds is based on the reaction of 1,3,5-tris(mercaptoalkyl)benzenes with tris(bromoalkyl)-methanes or l,3,5-tris[4-(mercaptomethyl)phenyl]-benzene with 1,3,5-tris-[4-(bromomethyl)phenyl] benzene.Some methods for the synthesis of sulfur-containing macroheterocycles containing silicon, tellurium, or iron are considered.The structures of the sulfur-containing macroheterocycles are discussed using the results of X-ray diffraction, H NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy as well as their electroconductive and magnetic properties.